The invention is included in the field of valves and of the control systems for controlling the pressure difference between the inside and outside of a container or the like.

Spanish patent application no. 200300479 (publication number ES-2214146 ) relates to a system for balancing the forces acting on a hermetic container during its sinking in a liquid (for example, in the case of the sinking of a ship). The invention described in said document seeks to prevent the stress generated in the container due to the effect of the increase of the liquid column on the outer side of the container, balancing the forces both in a possible sinking and in a possible refloatation. It is contemplated that the container incorporates one or several tubes traversing the upper deck, at the ends of which there are check valves which only allow the passage of liquid in one direction. The external pressure on the container increases progressively during the sinking of the ship up to a certain depth, causing the valve to open automatically allowing the entrance of liquid into the container to balance the forces applied on the walls. The valves remain open, giving rise to an increase of the internal pressure until a balance is reached with the external pressure, at which time the valves close.

Figures 1A-1C schematically show the process described in ES-2214146 . Specifically, an oil tanker 1001 with a hermetic container 1002 containing fuel 1003 and gas 1004 moves on the sea surface. A pipe 1005 communicates the inside of the container with the outside through the upper surface of the container. A valve 1006, which is closed in Figure 1A, is installed at the upper part of the pipe.

Figure 1 B shows the same tanker during the first phase of its sinking. The valve 1006 is still closed, and the difference between the external pressure (exerted by seawater on the valve) and the internal pressure (basically that of the gas in the container) increases as the tanker continues to sink. When the tanker reaches a depth at which the mentioned difference between the external pressure and the internal pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold, the valve opens (Figure 1 C) and seawater enters the container, such that the difference between the external pressure and the internal pressure is reduced. When the pressure difference has been sufficiently reduced, the valve 1006 closes again.

It is also contemplated that the valve can open in relation to a possible container refloatation operation so as to prevent problems caused by an excessive internal pressure in the container.

This system allows preventing the existence of a pressure difference in the walls of the container which might cause them to burst, whereby the risk of uncontrolled spills towards the outside can be prevented or reduced.

A first aspect of the invention relates to a valve configured to prevent an excessive pressure difference between the outside of a container and the inside of a container in which the valve is installed (for example, in the case of the sinking of the container, for example, at sea). The valve comprises:

• a first valve mechanism comprising a first blocking element (a plunger type blocking element, for example), which can move (axially, for example) between a closed position in which it prevents the passage of a fluid, and an open position in which it allows the passage of a fluid between the outside and the inside, through a first part of the valve (for example, through the side walls of a casing of the valve); and
• a second valve mechanism comprising a second blocking element which can move between a closed position in which it prevents the passage of a fluid, and an open position in which it allows the passage of a fluid, between the inside and the outside through a second part of the valve (for example, through a lower hole in a "plunger" which the first blocking element is part of, through the inside of that first blocking element, and through holes at the upper part of the first blocking element).

The first blocking element is associated to a first return element (for example, a spring or other elastic element) configured to exert a force on the first blocking element towards its closed position, and the second blocking element is associated to a second return element configured to exert a force on the second blocking element towards its closed position.

Each blocking element comprises a first contact surface configured to make contact with the outside of the container and a second contact surface configured to make contact with the inside of the container when the valve is assembled in the container, such that a fluid in contact with the respective contact surface exerts a pressure force on said contact surface.

The first valve mechanism is configured such that the first blocking element moves from its closed position to a position in which it allows the passage of the fluid, against the force exerted by the first return element, when the pressure on its first contact surface is X greater than the pressure on its second contact surface, X being a predetermined value.

The second valve mechanism is configured such that the second blocking element moves from its closed position to a position in which it allows the passage of the fluid, against the force exerted by the second return element, when the pressure on the second contact surface is Y greater than the pressure on its first contact surface, Y being a predetermined value.

The values X and Y can be equal or different and can be established, for example, by means of the characteristics of the return elements selected by the valve user or manufacturer.

A valve with a simple design which can work independently and ensure a balance in both directions between the internal pressure and the external pressure is thus provided.

Each of said first and second return elements can comprise a spring or the like. These springs can be arranged coaxially with respect to one another. For example, the spring corresponding to the second return element can be located inside the spring corresponding to the first return element.

The first blocking element and the second blocking element can be arranged in an axially movable manner in a tubular casing.

The first valve mechanism can be assembled coaxially with the second valve mechanism.

The movement direction of the first blocking element in its movement between its closed position and its open position can be opposite to the movement direction of the second blocking element in its movement between its closed position and its open position.

The area of the first contact surface of the first blocking element can be substantially identical to the area of the second contact surface of the first blocking element, as regards the projection of said contact surfaces on the plane orthogonal to a movement direction of the first blocking element. The same can be applied to the second blocking element. This can be advantageous because it makes the valve operate equally well regardless of the depth at which it is located.

The first contact surface and the second contact surface of the first blocking element can both be substantially circular (although they can also have other geometric configurations) and have substantially identical diameters, whereby the advantage mentioned above is also achieved. The same can be applied to the second blocking element.

The second blocking element can have an end part penetrating through the second contact surface of the first blocking element (for example, through a hole which can be part of the passage of fluid when the second blocking element is in its open position) (the second element is thus subjected to the internal pressure of the container), and another end part which can project through the first contact surface of the first blocking element (whereby it makes contact with the outside and with the pressure therein found). The second blocking element is thus subjected to both the external pressure and to the internal pressure.

The valve can additionally comprise stress pre-regulation means for pre-regulating the stress of the return elements, which means allow presetting the force that said return means exert on the corresponding blocking elements in their respective blocking positions. These stress pre-regulation means can comprise respective threaded elements assembled such that they are axially movable, by means of rotation, in the valve.

The return elements can be arranged in leak-tight chambers inside the valve, such that they are protected from fluids present outside the container and inside the container when the valve is assembled in the container. This reduces the risk of corrosion of these elements, which are important for the correct operation of the valve. Any of each of these leak-tight chambers can have at least one wall provided with at least one weak area (for example, a rupture disk, or even a valve) to allow controlled breaking in the event of an excessive pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the corresponding leak-tight chamber. The chambers can thus be flooded by fluids coming from the outside or the inside, which can have long-term negative effects on return elements, but in contrast to uncontrolled breaking, it does not prevent the correct short-term operation of the valve.

When the first blocking element is located in its open position, fluid can pass from outside to inside the container through holes which can be located close to the first contact surface of the first blocking element. When the second blocking element is in its open position, fluid can pass from outside to inside the container through holes which can be located close to the second contact surface of the first blocking element.

The first blocking element can have a plurality of holes in correspondence with its first contact surface so as to allow the passage of a fluid from inside the container to the outside when the valve is assembled in the container and when the second blocking element is in its open position. In some embodiments of the invention, these holes can be externally closed by the second blocking element when the latter is in its closed position.

The first blocking element can comprise a first head in which said holes are located, a tubular body extending from said head, which body incorporates a longitudinal groove. The second blocking element can comprise a second head with a diameter that is greater than the distance between the farthest points of opposite holes of the first head, and a rod which can move axially in the tubular body associated to the first head can extend perpendicularly from the second head. There can be a transverse bolt located in the rod, which moves in an axial direction in the longitudinal groove.

The valve can additionally comprise at least one central guide in which the tubular body associated to the first head moves in a guided manner. The first return element can be located between said central guide and the first head. The second return element can be located between the first head and the bolt.

The valve can comprise a flange configured to fix the valve to the opening of the container with the aid of fixing means.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a container, for example a container located in a ship, comprising at least one valve according to that described above.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a valve according to that described above in a container, for example a container located in a ship, to prevent structural damage to the container due to external or internal overpressure in the case of sinking or refloatation.

The valves can be modified so as to allow a discretionary opening, which can be achieved by means of a simple mechanism (a manual or motor-driven mechanism which can be remotely controlled). It may be recommendable to use pilot-operated valves, i.e. small valves for measuring the pressure difference controlling the opening of the large valve protecting the tank, for large tanks. This may be practical in the case of blocking elements with diameters that are greater than 4 inches for example.

To complement the description and with the aim of aiding of better understand the features of the invention according to preferred practical embodiments thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of the description, in which the following has been shown with an illustrative and non-limiting character:

• Figures 1A-1C schematically show the operation of the system described in ES-2214146 .
• Figures 2-4 show a sectional elevational view of a valve according to a first preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 5 shows a perspective view and another exploded view (which shows some of the components illustrated in Figures 2-4 better) of the valve according to this embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 6 shows an exploded perspective view of the elements forming the valve according to a second possible embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 7 shows a sectioned view of the valve of this second preferred embodiment, installed in the opening of a tank for the situation in which there is a balance between the external pressure and the internal pressure of the tank.
• Figures 8 and 9 show views similar to Figure 7, but for the sinking situation and for the refloatation situation of the tank, respectively.

Figure 2 shows a possible embodiment of the invention, in which the valve is assembled in a fixing disk 9 for its attachment to a container. This disk is attached by means of pins 8, bushings 81 and nuts 82, to a flange 7 of the tubular casing 3 of the valve.

As can be seen in Figure 2, a first blocking element 1 is arranged in an axially movable manner inside said tubular casing, which blocking element, in the closed position shown in Figure 2, blocks the passage 6 such that it prevents a fluid from passing from the outside (the part above the wall 9 in Figure 2) and the inside of the container (below the wall 9 in Figure 2). This first blocking element 1 is being pushed towards its rest position (i.e. upwards in Figure 2) by the spring 11 supported on an inner partition 31 of the casing 3 of the valve, and on a nut 4 associated to the first blocking element 1 and moving axially upon being rotated, whereby the pressure exerted by the spring 11 on the blocking element 1 in its closing or rest position can be preset. The blocking element 1 has a first contact surface 1A which makes contact with the outside, and a second contact surface 1 B which makes contact with the inside of the container. Both contact surfaces have the same diameters and sizes (at least in their projection on the plane orthogonal to the axial movement direction of the first blocking element), therefore, if the internal pressure is equal to the external pressure, the external pressure exerts the same force on the first contact surface 1A as the internal pressure exerts on the second contact surface 1 B, therefore the blocking element 1 remains in its closed position. These equal sizes ensure the correct operation of the valve regardless of the magnitudes of the external and internal pressure, i.e. regardless of the sea depth at which the container is located for example.

When the external pressure increases (and/or when the internal pressure is reduced), the force exerted in the downward direction on the first contact surface 1A exceeds the upward force exerted by the internal pressure on the second contact surface 1 B, which makes the first blocking element tend to move downwards, against the force exerted by the spring 11. When the external pressure is sufficiently greater than the internal pressure, the blocking element 1 moves sufficiently downwards so as to leave the inlets or holes 6 free, allowing the entrance of a fluid from the outside, as shown in Figure 3. It is thus ensured that the pressure difference between the outside and the inside does not exceed a predetermined threshold, because once the pressure difference exceeds said threshold, the valve opens and allows a fluid to pass from the outside to the inside, which is useful for increasing the pressure inside and reducing the mentioned pressure difference.

The first blocking element 1 is provided with a series of 0-ring seals 14 (with three seals in this specific case) which allows forming leak-tightness between the blocking element and the corresponding contact walls in the container and/or in the tubular casing 3. They further allow the chamber 12 in which the spring 11 is located to be to leak-tight, reducing the risk of corrosion or other damage to the spring 11.

On the other hand, the valve comprises a second blocking element 2 assembled coaxially with the first blocking element 1 and inside the first blocking element, as can be seen in Figure 2. Three O-ring seals 24 allow the second blocking element 2 to move axially inside the first blocking element, maintaining leak-tightness. Figure 2 shows this second blocking element in its closed position, in which a fluid is prevented from passing from inside the container, through holes 5 (see Figure 4) and 20, until reaching the outside through other holes 10 at the upper part of the first blocking element 1.

The second blocking element 2 is also being pushed towards its closed position (observed in Figures 2 and 3) by a spring 21 arranged coaxially with the other spring 11. One end of this spring 21 is supported on a transverse partition of the second blocking element 2, and another end of the spring is supported on an end of a threaded element 25 (by way of a "nut") which is threaded in an inner tubular wall 15 of the first blocking element 1. The second blocking element 2 is thus movable with respect to the first blocking element 1 against the force of the spring 21 at hand. The force with which the spring pushes the second blocking element towards its closed position can be preset by means of the threaded element 25. The spring 21 is located in a leak-tight chamber 22.

The second blocking element has a first contact surface 2A which makes contact with the outside, and a second contact surface 2B which makes contact with the inside. The sizes (or their projection on the plane orthogonal to the axial movement direction) of both contact surfaces are substantially identical. Therefore, when the internal pressure starts to exceed the external pressure, the second blocking element 2 is pressed "upwards" (towards the outside), against the force exerted by the spring 21, until reaching a position in which it no longer prevents the flow of fluid through the duct formed by the holes or passages 5, 20 and 10, as can be observed in Figure 4. When the internal pressure decreases with respect to the external pressure, the second blocking element returns to its closed position, pushed by the spring 21.

The identity or similarity between the areas of the first and second contact surfaces (which has been schematically shown in Figure 2: diameter D1A is equal to diameter D1B, and diameter D2A is equal to diameter D2B) makes the pressure difference a direct determinant for the force with which the corresponding element is pushed in one direction or another, and ensures the good operation of the system regardless of the depth at which the container is located.

The leak-tightness of the chambers 12 and 22 housing the respective supports is useful for preventing the supports from making contact with fluids which may place their integrity at risk.

However, the leak-tightness of these chambers requires that the walls be sized so as to withstand the forces which may be generated when a large difference between the pressure outside and inside the chambers occurs. To that end, it is convenient to provide the walls of these chambers with rupture disks or weak areas 13 and 23 (see Figure 2), which allows, in the event of an overpressure which may damage the integrity of the equipment, the walls of the chambers to break in a controlled manner and in controlled positions, allowing the fluid to enter the chambers 12 and 22, which can negatively affect the integrity of the springs in the long term, but which at least has no negative short-term effects on the operation of the valve.

Figure 5 shows a perspective view and also an exploded view of the valve, showing the details of the some of the components described above.

Like the valve of the embodiment described above, the valve of the embodiment shown in Figures 6-9 can also be applied for its coupling in the opening 102 of a liquid tank 101 to favor the pressure balance between the tank 101 and the outside in sinking or refloatation situations of the tank 101 for example. According to this embodiment, the valve comprises:

• a preferably cylindrical tubular valve body 103 having a side wall which is introduced in the tank 101 in which a series of perforations 104 are made, which perforations allow the passage of the liquid housed in the tank 101 towards the inside of the valve body 103 in the pressure balance situation shown in Figure 7,
• a first blocking element 110 moving axially adjusted inside the valve body 103 in a downward direction (in Figure 7) when the external pressure is greater than the internal pressure in the tank 101, in a sinking situation shown in Figure 8, placing the perforations 104 of the valve body 103 in communication with the outside fluid or liquid penetrating therethrough towards the inside of the tank 101 until a pressure balance is established, it being foreseen that this first blocking element 110 incorporates holes 106 communicating the outside with the inside of the valve body 103,
• a first spring 107 which is compressed by the first blocking element 110 in its downward run
• a second blocking element 114 which is located on the first blocking element 110 covering the holes 106 and moves axially with respect to the first blocking element 105 in an upward direction when the pressure inside the tank 101 is greater than the external pressure in a refloatation situation shown in Figure 9, uncovering the holes 106 and allowing the exit of the gas or air from the tank 101 towards the outside until a pressure balance is established,
• a second spring 109 which is compressed by the second blocking element 114 in its upward run.

As can be seen in Figure 6, the first blocking element 110 consists of a first head in which the mentioned holes 106 are defined and a tubular body 111 extending perpendicularly from said head, which body incorporates a longitudinal groove 112.

As can be observed in Figures 6-9, the valve body 103 is provided with at least one central guide 113 in which the tubular body 111 of the first blocking element 110 moves in a guided manner.

The second blocking element 114 consists of a second head from which a rod 115 extends perpendicularly, which rod moves axially in the tubular body 111 of the first blocking element 110 and has a transverse bolt 116 located perpendicularly with respect to the rod 115 moving in an axial direction on the longitudinal groove 112.

The first spring 107 is located between the central guide 113 and the head of the first blocking element 110 and the second spring 109 is located between the same head of the first blocking element 110 and the bolt 116.

On the other hand, it must be emphasized that the valve body 103 can be finished in a flange 117 which allows fixing the valve body to the surrounding areas of the opening 102 of the tank 101 by corresponding fixing means, such as screws 118.

Figure 6 shows the pressure balance situation, Figure 7 shows the sinking situation in which the pressure of the external liquid pushes the first blocking element 110 in a downward direction until opening the perforations 104 of the valve body 103 to allow the passage of the liquid going from outside to inside the tank 101. In this situation, the head of the second blocking element 114 is supported on the head of the first blocking element 110 covering the holes 106, therefore the diameter of the head of the second blocking element 114 will be greater than the distance between the farthest points of opposite holes 106.

The first spring 107 is compressed in the situation of Figure 8, being formed as the regulating element determining the position of the first blocking element according to the external and internal pressures.

Figure 9 shows the refloatation situation, in which the internal pressure is greater than the external pressure, which causes the movement of the second blocking element 114 in the situation in which the first blocking element is in its closed position. This movement causes the holes 106 to be free and therefore the exit of the liquid from the tank 101 towards the outside. The second spring 109 is compressed during this movement, which spring will be formed as the regulating element directing the second element to its initial position once the pressure balance has been recovered.

In this text, the word "comprises" and its variants (such as "comprising", etc.) must not be interpreted in an exclusive manner, i.e., they do not exclude the possibility that the description can include other elements, steps etc.

On the other hand, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments which have been described but also includes, for example, the variants which can be carried out by a person skilled in the art (for example, as regards the choice of materials, sizes, components, configuration, etc.), within what can be gathered from the claims.